Suggestions

Blood lead levels lower, but tooth decay higher in children who do not drink tap water

November 27, 2017
Blood lead levels lower, but tooth decay higher in children who do not drink tap water

New study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine explores the trade-off between higher blood lead levels and tooth decay in children who drink tap water vs bottled water

 Ann Arbor, November 27, 2017 – American children and adolescents who do not drink tap water, which is typically fluoridated, are much more likely to have tooth decay, according to a new study in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. However, the study confirms that those who drink tap water are more likely to have elevated levels of lead in their blood.

Public awareness of the hazards of lead-contaminated water has increased since 2014, when concerns were raised after the drinking water source for Flint, Michigan was changed to the untreated Flint River. A federal state of emergency was declared and Flint residents were instructed to use only bottled or filtered water for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and bathing.

Even before the Flint water crisis, there was public mistrust of tap water safety. But avoiding fluoridated tap water raises another public health concern; children are denied its protection from tooth decay. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), adding fluoride to the water supply has dramatically reduced the prevalence of tooth decay over the past 70 years. However, tooth decay remains widespread. In 2011–2012, it affected the primary teeth of 23% of U.S. preschoolers.

Anne E. Sanders, PhD, and Gary D. Slade, BDSc, PhD, of the Department of Dental Ecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, analyzed a nationally representative sample of nearly 16,000 children and adolescents aged two to 19 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2014. More than 12,000 records included data on blood lead level and about 5,600 had dental caries examination data. NHANES is the U.S. benchmark for national surveillance of blood lead levels and is the sole national source of dental examination data.

Following an in-home interview, participants visited a mobile examination center where they donated a blood sample, completed a dietary interview, and received a dental examination. About 15% of the children stated that they did not drink tap water. An elevated blood lead level was defined as having at least three micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood. Tooth decay was defined as the presence of one of more tooth surfaces affected by dental caries as determined by dental examiners using a standardized protocol.

According to the results of this study, children and adolescents who did not drink tap water were more likely than tap water drinkers to have tooth decay, but were less likely to have elevated blood lead levels. Those who drank tap water had significantly higher prevalence of elevated blood lead levels than children who did not drink tap water. Overall, nearly 3% of children and adolescents had elevated blood lead levels and 49.8% had tooth decay. Among American children and adolescents, one in five living below the federal poverty level, one in four African Americans, and one in three Mexican Americans do not drink tap water, vastly exceeding the one in twelve non-Hispanic white children who do not.

“Elevated blood lead levels affect only a small minority of children, but the health consequences are profound and permanent,” explained Sanders. “On the other hand, tooth decay affects one in every two children, and its consequences, such as toothache, are immediate and costly to treat.”

The statistical analysis took into account other factors that could account for the relationship between non-consumption of tap water and blood lead levels and tooth decay. A limitation of the study was that the fluoridation status of participants’ tap water was unknown, so the observation that drinking tap water protects against tooth decay may be an underestimate of fluoride’s protective effect.

“Our study draws attention to a critical trade-off for parents: children who drink tap water are more likely to have elevated blood lead levels, yet children who avoid tap water are more likely to have tooth decay,” commented Slade. “Community water fluoridation benefits all people, irrespective of their income or ability to obtain routine dental care. Yet we jeopardize this public good when people have any reason to believe their drinking water is unsafe.”

Stay informed with the latest news from HealthySoch. Sign up today for exclusive insights and updates!

We promise we never spam!

1,045 Comments

  5. <a href="[Link deleted]
    Основная функция: Автоматизация и оптимизация процесса продвижения в социальных сетях.
    Поддерживаемые платформы: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, VK.
    Особенности:
    Аналитика: Предоставление детальной статистики по каждой социальной сети, включая анализ аудитории, охват, вовлеченность и эффективность контента.
    Автоматизация публикаций: Планировщик публикаций позволяет создавать, графиковать и автоматически размещать контент на всех поддерживаемых платформах.
    Генератор контента: Использует искусственный интеллект для создания привлекательного и релевантного контента, адаптированного под каждую социальную сеть.
    Интерактивные опросы и голосования: Увеличение вовлеченности аудитории через интерактивные функции, такие как опросы и голосования.
    Подбор ключевых слов и хэштегов: Оптимизация постов с помощью анализа и подбора наиболее эффективных ключевых слов и хэштегов.
    Управление сообществом: Инструменты для модерации и управления взаимодействиями в социальных сетях, включая отслеживание комментариев и сообщений.
    Безопасность и конфиденциальность: Высокий уровень безопасности и защиты личных данных.
    Интеграция с другими сервисами: Возможность интеграции с CRM-системами, Google Analytics и другими инструментами цифрового маркетинга.
    Пользовательский интерфейс: Простой и интуитивно понятный интерфейс с поддержкой многоязычности.
    Поддержка и обучение: Подробные руководства пользователя и видеоуроки, а также круглосуточная поддержка клиентов.

    Reply

  96. Что может быстро улучшить настроение в наши дни? Конечно же, хорошее кино. Что может быть лучше, чем заварить себе вкусны кофе или чай сесть в мягкое кресло, зайти на сайт HD-Novinka и смотреть фильмы 2024 онлайн бесплатно.
    <a href="[Link deleted]фильмы 2024 бесплатно качестве

    Reply

  113. Does your site have a contact page? I’m having a tough
    time locating it but, I’d like to send you an e-mail.

    I’ve got some creative ideas for your blog you might be interested in hearing.
    Either way, great blog and I look forward to seeing it develop over time.リアルドール

    Reply

  161. Недорого купить онлайн диплом в Москве на сайте <a href='[Link deleted]можно без предоплаты, быстро и недорого.

    Reply

  200. В компании <a href="[Link deleted]вы можете приобрести диплом Гознака с выгодной скидкой для любого университета в Москве. Мы предлагаем дипломы специалистов всех университетов в вашем городе.

    Reply

  238. You actually make it seem so easy with your presentation but I find this matter to be really something which I think I would never
    understand. It seems too complex and extremely broad for me.
    I’m looking forward for your next post, I’ll try
    to get the hang of it!

    Reply

  335. Pills information for patients. What side effects can this medication cause?
    <a href="[Link deleted]provigil
    Everything what you want to know about meds. Read now.

    Reply

  363. Meds prescribing information. What side effects can this medication cause?
    <a href="[Link deleted]buy
    Everything what you want to know about meds. Read information here.

    Reply

  379. Drugs information leaflet. What side effects can this medication cause?
    <a href="[Link deleted]generics
    Actual what you want to know about meds. Get information here.

    Reply

  381. Medicament prescribing information. What side effects can this medication cause?
    <a href="[Link deleted]
    Actual news about medicament. Get information now.

    Reply

  588. Elevate Your Digital Presence with Digitaleer in Phoenix

    **Empowering Your Online Success in Phoenix**

    When it comes to navigating the digital landscape in Phoenix, Digitaleer stands out as a premier digital marketing agency.
    Situated at 310 S 4th St #652, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, our team offers a
    comprehensive suite of online marketing services tailored
    to meet the unique needs of businesses in neighborhoods like Adobe Highlands and Arizona Hillcrest.
    From SEO optimization to social media management, we specialize in enhancing your
    digital presence and driving measurable results.

    **Exploring the Vibrant City of Phoenix**

    Phoenix, founded in 1867, is a thriving metropolis nestled in the heart of the Sonoran Desert.
    With a population of 1.625 million and over 591,169 households, it’s
    one of the fastest-growing cities in the United States. Interstate 10,
    a major highway that spans the country, serves as a vital artery connecting Phoenix
    to neighboring cities and states.

    **Cost of Digital Solutions and Climate in Phoenix**

    Digital solutions in Phoenix can vary depending on the scope
    and complexity of the project. On average,
    businesses may invest anywhere from $1,000 to $10,000 or more for comprehensive digital marketing services.

    As for the climate, Phoenix experiences a hot desert climate with scorching summers reaching highs
    of 110°F (43°C) and mild winters with temperatures averaging around 60°F (16°C).

    **Discovering Phoenix’s Top Points of Interest**

    Explore these must-visit attractions in Phoenix:

    – **Arizona Boardwalk:** An entertainment district featuring restaurants, shops, and attractions like the OdySea
    Aquarium.
    – **Arizona Capitol Museum:** Learn about Arizona’s
    rich history and political heritage at this captivating museum.

    – **Arizona Falls:** A scenic waterfall and hydroelectric plant nestled in the
    heart of the city.
    – **Arizona Science Center:** A hands-on science museum with interactive exhibits
    and educational programs for all ages.
    – **Butterfly Wonderland:** Immerse yourself in the enchanting world of butterflies at
    North America’s largest butterfly conservatory.

    **Why Choose Digitaleer for Your Digital Marketing Needs**

    Choosing Digitaleer means partnering with a trusted ally dedicated to your online success.
    With our expertise in SEO optimization, web development, and digital advertising, we help
    businesses in Phoenix stand out in a competitive digital landscape.
    Whether you’re looking to increase brand visibility, drive website traffic, or boost conversions, Digitaleer delivers tailored solutions that drive real results and help you achieve your business goals.

    Reply

  600. Хотите разнообразить свой опыт на BongaCams? Не хватает токенов или хочется приобрести аккаунт с дополнительными привилегиями? Мы предлагаем широкий выбор токенов и аккаунтов BongaCams по самым привлекательным ценам. Наш сервис гарантирует безопасность и конфиденциальность вашей покупки. Получите доступ к эксклюзивным возможностям BongaCams прямо сейчас, сделав выгодную покупку у нас!
    <a href="[Link deleted]купить токены

    Reply

  636. <a href="[Link deleted]pump signals

    Maximize your Profits with AI Trading on Binance with prediction of crypto price rising signals!

    ?? Standard Price for ??VIP- membership for 1 Week VIP Membership is 0.0014 BTC, You will do send payment to BTC address 1KEY1iKrdLQCUMFMeK4FEZXiedDris7uGd

    ??Discounted price may be different from 0.00075 to 0.00138 BTC, that is why follow to all announces published in our Public channel!

    ??Benefits of Subscribing to the “Light Package”??

    The Light plan gives subscribers access to AI-generated cryptocurrency pump signals on the Binance exchange. While these signals are reliable and accurate, they may not have the same level of accuracy and speed of achieving the “crypto pump targets” specified in the signal as higher level plans. This is only 1KEY for traders who want to explore the service at an affordable price.

    ?The subscription is valid for 1 week (regardless of the bitcoin rate in the future, you will have access to the ??VIP channel with crypto pump signals for one week). You definitely need to worry about controlling the timing of the subscription renewal, since without renewing the subscription on this tariff plan, ??VIP channel users are automatically excluded without prior warning within 24 hours? and you will again pay for subscription to 1key address.

    ?You will have access to ??BTC VIP Telegram channel, in which signals are published: for manual trading with pump signals.

    ?You will receive round-the-clock, limited, but not priority support from our specialists (given the huge number of support requests from all users, you will receive answers to your questions on a first come, first served basis, depending on the workload of the ??VIP channel subscriber support specialists).

    ?You will only receive information about 3-4 new pumps of crypto coins every day that take part in the planned ??Binance pumps.

    ?Coin pumping?? is carried out in the period of time from the moment the signal is published: from 24 hours to 10 days. Achievement of all pump targets?? is carried out within a period of ?time: from 24 hours to 15 days.

    ?Coins published in the ??VIP Telegram channel with a “Light subscription” usually grow no more than 15-20% and their pump does not always take priority over other coins that have a pump planned for the coming days. It should also be borne in mind that we have set the priority of the ??pumps of coins, which we can easily rising up to 45-60% and information about such Binance pumps?? is published only for subscribers of the Platinum tariff.

    ?You get a one-time 5% discount on renewing your subscription in the current tariff plan or 20% discount when purchasing a subscription with 1key btc address to a better tariff plan (Platinum, Gold, Silver, Bronze).

    ?If you participate in the ??affiliate program [Link deleted]you will receive 2% more remuneration than other subscribers.

    ?This tariff is intended for novice traders who want to start receiving a small guaranteed profit using information from the ??VIP Telegram channel about the upcoming ??pumps.

    You must send payment to Bitcoin address 1KEY1iKrdLQCUMFMeK4FEZXiedDris7uGd payment in accordance with the price list.
    BTC address 1KEY is a special bitcoin address for subscribers to the “Lite” tariff.

    1KEY is a special BTC address for subscribers to the “Lite” tariff.

    ??Artificial intelligence, which underlies the project, ensures high accuracy and speed of information processing. Algorithms analyze huge amounts of data and identify the most promising opportunities for profitable trading. Thus, Crypto Pump Signals for Binance provides reliable signals to make informed decisions when investing in cryptocurrencies.

    Details about the use of artificial intelligence technologies to predict the dynamics of changes in cryptocurrency prices in the short term are described at the end of article about AI Methods for crypto trading [Link deleted]

    The biggest discount on VIP-subscription will be given to those who use a Bitcoin address starting with 1KEY to send BTC. That is why vanity 1KEY bitcoin address is a best way to start jorney in crypto traders World!

    Reply

  638. <a href="[Link deleted]pump signals

    Maximize your Profits with AI Trading on Binance with prediction of crypto price rising signals!

    ?? Standard Price for ??VIP- membership for 1 Week VIP Membership is 0.0014 BTC, You will do send payment to BTC address 1KEY1iKrdLQCUMFMeK4FEZXiedDris7uGd

    ??Discounted price may be different from 0.00075 to 0.00138 BTC, that is why follow to all announces published in our Public channel!

    ??Benefits of Subscribing to the “Light Package”??

    The Light plan gives subscribers access to AI-generated cryptocurrency pump signals on the Binance exchange. While these signals are reliable and accurate, they may not have the same level of accuracy and speed of achieving the “crypto pump targets” specified in the signal as higher level plans. This is only 1KEY for traders who want to explore the service at an affordable price.

    ?The subscription is valid for 1 week (regardless of the bitcoin rate in the future, you will have access to the ??VIP channel with crypto pump signals for one week). You definitely need to worry about controlling the timing of the subscription renewal, since without renewing the subscription on this tariff plan, ??VIP channel users are automatically excluded without prior warning within 24 hours? and you will again pay for subscription to 1key address.

    ?You will have access to ??BTC VIP Telegram channel, in which signals are published: for manual trading with pump signals.

    ?You will receive round-the-clock, limited, but not priority support from our specialists (given the huge number of support requests from all users, you will receive answers to your questions on a first come, first served basis, depending on the workload of the ??VIP channel subscriber support specialists).

    ?You will only receive information about 3-4 new pumps of crypto coins every day that take part in the planned ??Binance pumps.

    ?Coin pumping?? is carried out in the period of time from the moment the signal is published: from 24 hours to 10 days. Achievement of all pump targets?? is carried out within a period of ?time: from 24 hours to 15 days.

    ?Coins published in the ??VIP Telegram channel with a “Light subscription” usually grow no more than 15-20% and their pump does not always take priority over other coins that have a pump planned for the coming days. It should also be borne in mind that we have set the priority of the ??pumps of coins, which we can easily rising up to 45-60% and information about such Binance pumps?? is published only for subscribers of the Platinum tariff.

    ?You get a one-time 5% discount on renewing your subscription in the current tariff plan or 20% discount when purchasing a subscription with 1key btc address to a better tariff plan (Platinum, Gold, Silver, Bronze).

    ?If you participate in the ??affiliate program [Link deleted]you will receive 2% more remuneration than other subscribers.

    ?This tariff is intended for novice traders who want to start receiving a small guaranteed profit using information from the ??VIP Telegram channel about the upcoming ??pumps.

    You must send payment to Bitcoin address 1KEY1iKrdLQCUMFMeK4FEZXiedDris7uGd payment in accordance with the price list.
    BTC address 1KEY is a special bitcoin address for subscribers to the “Lite” tariff.

    1KEY is a special BTC address for subscribers to the “Lite” tariff.

    ??Artificial intelligence, which underlies the project, ensures high accuracy and speed of information processing. Algorithms analyze huge amounts of data and identify the most promising opportunities for profitable trading. Thus, Crypto Pump Signals for Binance provides reliable signals to make informed decisions when investing in cryptocurrencies.

    Details about the use of artificial intelligence technologies to predict the dynamics of changes in cryptocurrency prices in the short term are described at the end of article about AI Methods for crypto trading [Link deleted]

    The biggest discount on VIP-subscription will be given to those who use a Bitcoin address starting with 1KEY to send BTC. That is why vanity 1KEY bitcoin address is a best way to start jorney in crypto traders World!

    Reply

  641. [url=[Link deleted]алкоголя Москва[/url] круглосуточно.
    [url=[Link deleted]алкоголя на дом в Москве[/url] срочно.
    [url=[Link deleted]алкоголя круглосуточно Москва[/url] на дом.

    <a href=[Link deleted]алкоголя Москва
    <a href=[Link deleted]алкоголя на дом в Москве
    <a href=[Link deleted]алкоголя круглосуточно Москва

    Reply

  873. When you have been whitelisted within our technique, you won’t possibly get blocked all over again by our firewall!<a href="[Link deleted]高級 Ban lifts also acquire effect instantly.We sincerely apologize for this terrible experience.

    Reply

  877. To improve medical apply, a further knowledge of its framework,<a href="[Link deleted]in addition as you can beneficial implications or, to the contrary, worries are essential

    Reply

  883. Small Oiling ? One of many vital enhancements around TPE would be the <a href="[Link deleted]高級considerably minimized oil secretion, creating servicing simpler plus much more handy.

    Reply

  891. STPE can be a groundbreaking content that sets a fresh regular <a href="[Link deleted]高級within the realm of lifelike sex dolls. It is really built to elevate your practical experience with realism and

    Reply

  909. Вашему вниманию представляется <a href="[Link deleted]хакеров: сайт хакеров и форум [Link deleted] профессионалов кибербезопасности. Общайтесь, учитесь и делитесь навыками в хакинге для обучения взлому и прочим навыкам хакеров в сети.

    Reply

  980. Secondly, attention should be paid to the storage environment of the wig.<a href="[Link deleted]Wigs should be placed in a well-ventilated and dry place, avoiding direct sunlight and humid environments.

    Reply

  992. When I reached out to their customer service rep, Leo,<a href="[Link deleted]人形 he swiftly provided me with a comprehensive set of customization options and estimated completion times that other vendors simply couldn’t match. It was a game-changer for me.

    Reply

  1014. [Link deleted]Сюжет сериала “Озарк” повествует о Марти Бёрде, финансовом консультанте, который оказывается втянутым в опасный мир преступности и наркокартелей. В целях спасения своей семьи и собственной жизни, Марти вынужден переместиться в небольшой городок Озарк, стремясь начать с нуля. Однако его прошлое настигает его и здесь. Более подробную информацию об этой увлекательной истории вы можете найти на нашем веб-сайте!

    Reply

  1045. “perceiving high levels of self-expansion may be beneficial at the moment hence the daily effects but decreases over time as couples shift out of the honeymoon phase.” Perhaps holding too high of an expectation for self-expansion could paradoxically set you up for some disappointment.<a href="[Link deleted]中古

    Reply

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published.

Columnists

Related Posts

HealthySoch

Don't Miss

Too much cholesterol can damage your arteries. Read to know how ?

“Cholesterol is a fat-like substance in the body. It is

Aster CMI doctors revive 51-year-old covid-19 patient after 3 cardiac arrests

India healthysoch Chandigarh, September 22, 2020: In a case that